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James, Revised Edition (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries | TNTC) is unavailable, but you can change that!

The letter of James has often been defined in terms of moral earnestness, repentance and consistent social action, leading many to argue that it is not theological. This separation between theology and practice, Douglas J. Moo observes, can all too easily lead people to read Scripture as a book to be analyzed rather than a message to be obeyed—the very mindset against which James inveighs. Moo’s...

audience is the use of the monotheistic confession to summarize doctrine (2:19) and the use of the word synagōgē in 2:2. The implied Jewish audience of the letter is in keeping with the New Testament and early Christian portrayal of James as one who ministered among ‘the circumcised’ (Gal. 2:9). The letter implies that these Jewish believers were mainly poor people who were caught in a situation of considerable social tension. Oppressed and taken advantage of by wealthy landlords (5:4–6), hauled
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